Pests of Livestock: I-Stomoxys calcitrans (Insecta: Diptera: Muscidae) (Stable fly)

Abstract

The current review focused on the importance of Stomoxys calcitrans, stable fly, at the level of transmission of protozoal, helminthic, bacterial, and viral pathogens. The review found that S. calcitrans can transmit Besnoitia besnoiti tachyzoites, Trypanosoma evansi, and Theileria, Babesia. In the case of helminth transmission, S. calcitrans was found to be able of transmitting Habronema muscae, H. microstoma, Trichuris vulpis, and some species of Onchocerca and Dirofilaria. The review also identified that S. calcitrans can transmit Escherichia coli, Campylobacter, and mycobacteria. For the viral pathogens, S. calcitrans can transmit lumpy skin virus (LSV), African swine fever virus (ASFV), and bovine papilloma virus (BPV). The stable flies are a massive member of disease vectors that can ranks number one in inducing huge economic losses around the world.