Detection of Genetic Relationship and Genetic Variation Four Samples of Sand Flies(Phelebotomus Papatasi) Isolated From Different Regions In Salah El-Din Governorate Using Molecular Markers

Abstract

Objective: The genetics of sand flies phelebotomus papatasi isolated from four districts within Salah al-Din governorate using molecular markers using RAPD-PCR markers. Methods of work: Samples were collected from four districts within Salah al-Din Governorate (Dhuluiya, Balad, Al-Alam, Samarra), where they were collected from barns for raising livestock, The species were preserved using 70% ethanol alcohol and the samples were placed in special labeled plastic bottles until the DNA extraction process was performed. Then, PCR-RAPD markers were carried out using (17) primers, and the results were transmitted on agarose gel, and the bundles were photographed using a digital camera. Results: The results of the RAPD markers showed different types of bands, and the total loci identified by the primers on the samples genome were (124) loci, of which (22) are general loci and (102) are differentiated loci The initiator (P13) was distinguished by the highest number of productive sites, reaching (11) sites, while the two initiators (P3, P4) produced the least number of sites, reaching (5) loci for each. The total bands produced from those loci were 254), including (166) polymorphic bands and (88) main bands. The primer (P15) produced the highest level of bands, reaching (30) bands, while the primer produced ( P3) The least number of produced primer reached (7), while the variation ratio of the produced primer was 90%.The study showed the presence of distinctive bands, the total of the distinctive bands was (70), of which (57) were unique bands and (13) were absent, the Balad sample was distinguished by the lowest number of bands (12) band, while the Dhuluiya sample got the highest number of band, reaching (21) bands. From the results of the interactions of the genetic distance, the values ​​of the genetic distance ranged between Where the values of the genetic dimension ranged between 0.443 -0.737, where the lowest dimension was present between the two isolates, country and science, which amounted to 0.443 and the highest genetic dimension was between the Dhuluiya sample and a country with a genetic dimension of. 0.737 which indicates that they are more different within the studied species. Conclusion: There is a close degree of affinity between the four sample of sand flies, even though they belong to families, so molecular markers can be used in classifying insects, especially flies, accurately and determining their genetic fingerprint instead of adopting the phenotypic features in the classification because molecular markers are fixed traits and do not change with changing conditions.